Safe haven currencies like the US dollar, Japanese yen, and Swiss franc are expected to retain or gain value specifically during periods of market turmoil and geopolitical stress.

A pip is the standard unit forex traders use to measure price movement, while a pipette is a smaller, more precise fractional unit equal to one-tenth of a pip.

Every currency pair has a base currency being measured and a quote currency doing the measuring, and understanding the difference is essential to reading any forex quote correctly.

The bid-ask spread is the built-in cost of every forex trade, the gap between the price a trader can sell at and the price a trader can buy at.

The interest rate differential between two currencies powers the classic forex carry trade, where a trader earns the rate gap by borrowing low-yield and buying high-yield currency.

Quantitative easing is a central bank tool that expands the money supply and lowers yields through large-scale asset purchases, typically weakening a currency.